How Is Economic Development Different Than Economic Growth

Econ 201 Emily Rutledge Case Study 1 The Meaning of Development: How is Economic Development Different than Economic Growth? Numbers can say a lot about the economic health and general prosperity of a nation. But, as we ve learned in the case of Brazil and Costa Rica, some numbers can be far more important than others. Even if your country is experiencing phenomenal economic growth, its people may be suffering. In many cases, economic development is needed before economic growth can make a real difference. High economic growth can even hurt the people, especially those in poverty, if the country has not reached a certain level of economic development. This analysis of Brazil and Costa Rica seeks to define, compare, and contrast economic development and economic growth and their presence and affect on the two countries. As we know from macroeconomics, Gross Domestic Product is the sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and exports. We use GDP to understand the economic health of a country. If GDP is going up, the country is experiencing economic growth. Through growth accounting, we c ould also assume that we could see an increase in economic growth if we used the Cobb-Douglas function and saw an increase in output. The Cobb-Douglas function is essentially a more complicated form of the production function that states that output itself is a function of its inputs (capital and labor) and is augmented by technology. Economic development isShow MoreRelatedDevelopment And Development Of The Field Of Community Economic Development1633 Words   |  7 PagesTorres, Maria CED 301 Midterm Development and growth go hand-in-hand in the field of Community Economic Development. Community economic development is a field of study that actively elicits community involvement when working with government, and private sectors to build strong communities, industries, and markets (Riley, 2012). 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The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature Free Essays

string(91) " but it was written in Latin \(1516\) and only later \(1555\) was translated into English\." Introduction: It is difficult to date or define the Renaissance. Etymologically the term, which was first used in England only as late as the nineteenth century, means’ â€Å"re-birth†. Broadly speaking, the Renaissance implies that re-awakening of learning which came to Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Renaissance was not only an English but a European phenomenon; and basically considered, it signalised a thorough substitution of the medieval habits of thought by new attitudes. The dawn of the Renaissance came first to Italy and a little later to France. To England it came much later, roughly about the beginning of the sixteenth century. As we have said at the outset, it is difficult to date the Renaissance; however, it may be mentioned that in Italy the impact of Greek learning was first felt when after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople the Greek scholars fled and took refuge in Italy carrying with them a vast treasure of ancient Greek literature in manuscript. The study of this literature fired the soul and imagination of the Italy of that time and created a new kind of intellectual and aesthetic culture quite different from that of the Middle Ages. The light of the Renaissance came very slowly to the isolated island of England, so that when it did come in all its brilliance in the sixteenth century, the Renaissance in Italy had already become a spent force. It is difficult to define the Renaissance, but its broad implications in England do not defy discussion. Michelet exaggeratedly calls the Renaissance â€Å"discovery by mankind of himself and of the world. This is, indeed, too sweeping. More correctly we can say that the following are the implications of the Renaissance in England : (a) First, the Renaissance meant the death of mediaeval scholasticism which had for long been keeping human thought in bondage. The schoolmen got themselves entangled in useless controversies and tried to apply the principles of Aristotelean . philosophy t o the doctrines of Christianity, thus giving birth to a vast literature characterised by polemics, casuistry, and sophistry which did not advance man in any way. b) Secondly, it signalised a revolt against spiritual authority-the authority of the Pope. The Reformation, though not part of the revival of learning, was yet a companion movement in England. This defiance of spiritual authority went hand in hand with that of intellectual authority. Renaissance intellectuals distinguished themselves by their flagrant anti-authoritarianism. (c) Thirdly, the Renaissance implied a greater perception of beauty and polish in the Greek and Latin scholars. This beauty and this polish were sought by Renaissance men of letters to be incorporated in their native literature. Further, it meant the birth of a kind of imitative tendency implied in the term â€Å"classicism. † (d) Lastly, the Renaissance marked a change from the theocentric to the homocentric conception of the universe. Human life, pursuits, and even body came to be glorified. â€Å"Human life†, as G. H. Mair observes, â€Å"which the mediaeval Church had taught them [the people] to regard but as a threshold and stepping-stone to eternity, acquired suddenly a new momentousness and value. . The â€Å"otherworldliness† gave place to â€Å"this-worldliness†. Human values came to be recognised as permanent values, and they were sought to be enriched and illumined by the heritage of antiquity. This bred a new kind of paganism and marked the rise of humanism as also, by implication, materialism. Let us now consider the impact of the Renaissance on the va rious departments of English literature. Non-creative Literature: Naturally enough, the first impact of the Renaissance in England was registered by the universities, being the repositories of all learning. Some English scholars, becoming aware of the revival of learning in Italy, went to that country to benefit by it and to examine personally the manuscripts brought there by the fleeing Greek scholars of Constantinople. Prominent among these scholars were William Grocyn (14467-1519), Thomas Linacre (1460-1524), and John Colet (14677-1519). After returning from Italy they organised the teaching of Greek in Oxford. They were such learned and reputed scholars of Greek that Erasmus came all the way from Holland to learn Greek from them. Apart from scholars, the impact of the Renaissance is also; in a measure, to be seen on the work of the educationists of the age. Sir Thomas Elyot (14907-1546) wrote the Governour (1531) which is a treatise on moral philosophy modelled on Italian works and full of the spirit of Roman antiquity. Other educationists were Sir John Cheke (1514-57), Sir Thomas Wilson (1525-81), and Sir Roger Ascham (1515-68). Out of all the educationists the last named is the most important, on account of his Scholemaster published two years after his death. Therein he puts forward his views on the teaching of the classics. His own style is too obviously based upon the ancient Roman writers. â€Å"By turns†, remarks Legouis, â€Å"he imitates Cicero’s periods and Seneca’s nervous conciseness†. In addition to these well-known educationists must be mentioned the sizable number of now obscure ones—†those many unacknowledged, unknown guides who, in school and University, were teaching men to admire and imitate the masterpieces of antiquity† (Legouis). Prose: The most important prose writers who exhibit well the influence of the Renaissance on English prose are Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, Lyly, and Sidney. The first named was a Dutchman who, as we have already said, came to Oxford to learn Greek. His chief work was The Praise of Folly which is the English translation of his most important work-written in England. It is, according to Tucker Brook, â€Å"the best expression in literature of the attack that the Oxford reformers were making upon the medieval system. † Erasmus wrote this work in 1510 at the house of his friend Sir Thomas More who was executed at the bidding of Henry VIII for his refusal to give up his allegiance to the ‘ Pope. More’s famous prose romance Utopia was, in the words of Legouis, â€Å"true prologue to the Renaissance. † It was the first book written by an Englishman which achieved European fame; but it was written in Latin (1516) and only later (1555) was translated into English. You read "The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature" in category "Papers" Curiously enough, the next work by an English man again to acquire Euro pean fame-Bacon’s Novum Organwn-was also written originally in Latin. The word â€Å"Utopia† is from Greek â€Å"ou topos† meaning â€Å"no place†. More’s Utopia is an imaginary island which is the habitat of an ideal republic. By the picture of the ideal state is implied a kind of social criticism of contemporary England. More’s indebtedness to Plato’s Republic is quite obvious. However, More seems also to be indebted to the then recent discoveries of the explorers and navigators-like Columbus and Vasco da Gama who were mostly of Spanish and Portuguese nationalities. In Utopia, More discredits mediaevalism in all its implications and exalts the ancient Greek culture. Legouis observes about this work : â€Å"The Utopians are in revolt against the spirit of chivalry : they hate warfare and despise soldiers. Communism is the law of the land; all are workers for only a limited number of hours. Life should be pleasant for all; asceticism is condemned. More relies on the goodness of human nature, and intones a hymn to the glory of the senses which reveal nature’s wonders. In Utopia all religions are authorized, and tolerance is the law. Scholasticism is scoffed at, and Greek philosophy preferred to that of Rome. From one end to the other of the book More reverses medieval beliefs. † More’s Utopia created a new genre in which can be classed such works as Bacon’s The New Atlantis (1626), Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872), W. H. Mallock’s The New Republic (1877), Richard Jefferies’ After London (1885), W. H. Hudson’s The Crystal Age (1887), William Morris† News from Nowhere, and H. G. Well’s A Modern Utopia (1905). Passing on to the prose writers of the Elizabethan age-the age of the flowering of the Renaissance-we find them markedly influenced both in their style and thought-content by the revival of the antique classical learning. Sidney in Arcadia, Lyly in Euphues, and Hooker in The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity write an English which is away from the language of common speech, and is either too heavily laden—as in the case of Sidney and Lyly-with bits of classical finery, or modelled on Latin syntax, as in the case of Hooker. Cicero ? eemed to these writers a verv obvious and respectable model. Bacon, however, in his sententiousness and cogency comes near Tacitus and turns away from the prolixity, diffuseness, and ornamentation associated with Ciceronian prose. Further, in his own career and his Essays, Bacon stands as a representative of the materialistic, Machiavellian facet of the Renaissance, particularly of Renaissance Italy. He combines in himself the dispassionate pursuit of truth and the keen desire for material advance. Poetry: Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) and the Earl of Surrey (15177-47) were pioneers of the new poetry in England. After Chaucer the spirit of English poetry had slumbered for upward of a century. The change in pronunciation in the fifteenth century had created a lot of confusion in prosody which in the practice of such important poets as Lydgate and Skelton had been reduced to a mockery. â€Å"The revival†, as Legoius says, â€Å"was an uphill task; verse had to be drawn from the languor to which it had sunk in Stephen Hawes, and from the disorder in which a Skelton had plunged it; all had to e done anew†. It was Wyatt and Surrey who came forward to do it. As Mair puts it, it is with â€Å"these two courtiers that the modern English poetry begins. † Though they wrote much earlier, it was only in 1557, a year before Elizabeth’s coronation, that their work was published in Tottel’s Miscellany which is, according to G. H. Mair, â€Å"one of the landmarks of En glish literature. † Of the two, Wyatt had travelled extensively in Italy and France and had come under the spell of Italian Renaissance. It must be remembered that the work of Wyatt and Surrey does not reflect the impact of the Rome of antiquity alone,. but also that of modern Italy. So far as versification is concerned, Wyatt and Surrey imported into England various new Italian metrical patterns. Moreover, they gave English poetry a new sense of grace, dignity, delicacy, and harmony which was found by them lacking iil the works of Chaucer and the Chaucerians alike. Further, they Were highly influenced by the love poetry of Petrarch and they did their best to imitate it. Petrarch’s love poetry is of the courtly kind, in which the pining lover is shown as a â€Å"servant† of his mistress with his heart tempest-tossed by her neglect and his mood varying according to her absence or presence. There is much of idealism, if not downright artificiality, in this kind of love poetry. It goes to the credit of Wyatt to have introduced the sonnet into English literature, and of Surrey to have first written blank verse. Both the sonnet and blank verse were later to be practised by a vast number of the best English poets. According to David Daiches. Wyatt’s sonnets represent one of the most interesting movements toward metrical discipline to be found in English literary history. † Though in his sonnets he did not employ regular iambic pentameters yet he created a sense of discipline among the poets of his times who had forgotten the lesson and example of Chaucer and, like Skelton, were writing â€Å"ragged† and â€Å"jagged† lines which jarred so unpleasantly upon the ear. As Tillyard puts it, Wyatt â€Å"let the Renaissance into English verse† by importing Italian and French patterns of sentiment as well as versification. He wrote in all thirty-two sonnets out of which seventeen are adaptations of Petrarch. Most of them (twenty-eight) have the rhyme-scheme of Petarch’s sonnets; that is, each has the octave a bbaabba and twenty-six out of these twenty-eight have the c d d c e e sestet. Only in the last three he comes near what is called the Shakespearean formula, that is, three quatrains and a couplet. In the thirtieth sonnet he exactly produced it; this sonnet rhymes a b a b, a b a b, a b a b, c c. Surrey wrote about fifteen or sixteen sonnets out of which ten use the Shakespearean formula which was. to enjoy the greatest popularity among the sonneteers of the sixteenth century. Surrey’s work is characterised by . exquisite grace and tenderness which we find missing from that of Wyatt. Moreover, he is a better craftsman and gives greater harmony to his poetry. Surrey employed blank verse in his translation of the fourth book of The Aeneid, the work which was first translated into English verse by Gavin Douglas a generation earlier, but in heroic couplets. Drama: The revival of ancient classical learning scored its first clear impact on English drama in the middle of the sixteenth century. Previous to this impact there had been a pretty vigorous native tradition of drama, particularly comedy. This tradition had its origin in the liturgical drama and had progressed through the miracle and the mystery, and later the morality, to the interlude. John Heywood had written quite a few vigorous interludes, but they were altogether different in tone, spirit, and purpose from the Greek and Roman drama of antiquity. The first English regular tragedy Gorboduc (written by Sackville and Norton, and first acted in 1562) and comedy Ralph Roister Doister (written about 1550 by Nicholas Udall) were very much imitations of classical tragedy and comedy. It is interesting to note that English dramatists came not under the spell of the ancient Greek dramatists â€Å"(Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the tragedy writers, and Aristophanes, the comedy writer) but the Roman dramatists (Seneca, the tragedy writer, and Plautus and. Terence! the comedv writers). It was indeed unfortunate, as Greek drama is vastly superior to Roman drama. Gpfboduc is a s’avish imitation of Senecan tragedy and has all its features without much of its life. Like Senecan tragedy it has revenge as the tragic —otive, has most of its important incidents (mostly murders) narrated on the -stage by messengers, has much of rhetoric and verbose declamation, has a ghost among its dramatis personae, and so forth. ‘. â€Å". is indeed a good instance of the â€Å"blood and thunder† kind’ of tragedy. Ralph Roister Doister is modelled upon Plautus and Terence. It is based on the stupid endeavours of the hero for winning the love of a married woman. There is the cunning, merry slave-Matthew Merrygreek-a descendant of the Plautine slave who serves as the motive power which keeps the play going. Later on, the â€Å"University Wits† struck a note of independence in their dramatic work. They refused to copy Roman drama as slavishly as the writers of Gorboduc and Roister Doister. Even so, their plays are not free from the impact of the Renaissance; rather they show it as amply, though not in the same way. In their imagination they were all fired by the new literature which showed them new dimensions of human capability. They were humanists through and through. All of them—Lyly, Greene, Peele, Nashe, Lodge, Marlowe, and Kyd-show in their dramatic work not, of course, a slavish tendency to ape the ancients but a chemical action of Renaissance learning on the native genius fired by the enthusiasm of discovery and aspiration so typical of the Elizabethan age. In this respect Marlowe stands in the fore-front of the University Wits. Rightly has he been called â€Å"the true child of the Renaissance†. How to cite The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature, Papers

Market analysis Of Mc Donalds free essay sample

Largest Food Chain: Mc Donalds is the largest food chain specifically in hamburgers all over the world. It is serving daily 69 million customers around the globe. 2. Geographical Presence: McD is present in almost 119 different countries with 33,500 restaurants and is the 6th most valuable brand over the globe. 3. Locally adapted food menu: As Mc D is present in so many countries having different and diversified cultures, where the eating habit and taste is very different in comparison to US market. Thus McD ability to adapt its menu is one of the major strength. Eg. Aloo tikki burger in India 4. Franchisee: McD enters into different market through the concept of franchising. In such markets almost 80% of chains are opened through independent franchisees. Through this strategy McD saves more time in perfecting its serving system and advertising campaigns. 5. Partneship: McD uses the raw material of famous brands only like Heinz Ketchup, and offers other brands such as Coca Cola. Through which it generates more revenue and stand in the market. 6. Advertising budget: Mc Donald is spending around 2$ billion in advertising campaigns, which create competitive edge over the competitors like subway. WEAKNESS 1. Junk Food: Burgers are known as junk food. As McD caters to children market where eating junk food leads to obesity. McD is known for its unhealthy menu, which included oily patties, coke, French fries that leads to obesity. 2. High Employee Turnover: McD gives lesser pay to its employees. As the Mc D job requires less skilled employees, because of which they higher less skilled staff and gives less salary which creates frustration among employee and they are force to leave the job. 3. Low Differentiation: McD is still counted in Fast food chain, where others companies have also jumped in like Jumbo king, Subway etc. McD is not able to differentiate itself from other fast food chains; it is focusing more on Lessing the price instead of adding some additional features. OPPORTUNITIES 1. Demand for Healthy Food: Now a day the customers are more conscious towards their health. In such scenarios Mc D should introduce new varieties=s in menu which has more nutritive value. 2. Home delivery: Most of the global fast food chains are entering into Home delivery strategy. In fact customers are more interested for Home delivery of their orders as its saves their time and petrol. But still McD has not full flegedly started the concept of home delivery 3. Remodeling: Mc D has redesigned its logo and restaurant in 2006 and has applied the changes in the restaurants, where they have 8-9% higher market share. Thus Mc D should remodel all its restaurants and practices as soon as possible. 4. Targeting new Customer Groups: Till date Mc D is catering to youngster crowd, it should include new menu cards, varieties, concepts so that it can attract other customer group too. THREATS: 1. Too many Competitors: In developed countries there are too many fast food retail chains.  Eg KFC, Jumbo King, Subway, Piza hut etc. 2. Changing Trends: Due to so many campaigns by government and NGO’s towards fight against obesity, customers are becoming more health conscious. 3. Local Fast food chains: the trend has changed; people like to eat outside home. They want more varieties but in their local taste. The local fast food chains are best options where the customers various demand can be fulfilled with their own local taste. 4. Currency Fluctuations: As the firm is operating in so many countries and the revenue generated from them has to be converted into dollars. When dollar is appreciating against other currencies, the firm profit is affected. INTERNAL ANALYSIS OF Mc DONALD Mc Donald is one of the leading global fast food chain retailers, having presence in 119 countries with local 30000 restaurants and daily serving around 55 million people. For any firm to operate globally should do proper analysis of its internal and external environment. The firm have proper marketing plan, with a starting point and proper analysis of the market. On the basis of it company’s objective, tactics, vision, mission are drawn in order to achieve organizational success and profitability. The external environment contains may factors which can be broadly classified into macro and micro environment. The macro environment consists of political, economical, social, technical, legal and environment factors. The micro environment includes factors like market structure, competitors, suppliers, distributors, public type. On the other hand internal environment company’s marketing mix and service mix. It also includes other factors such as sales, profit, and market share and customer loyalty. Main Product and the Markets: The main products of Mc Donald’s revolve around the varieties of hamburgers, French fries, salad and desserts. The taste and filling may vary as per the market type. After the global crisis McD has recovered surprisingly fast and still the growth rate is increasing. The key success factor in recovering the losses was not to convince people to spend money at Mc D and eat, they just said we have improved our breakfast menu with new frappe drinks at lower prices which attracted more customers generated revenues. 5P’s Of Mc Donald’s 1. Promotion: McD promotes itself with various tag lines like: â€Å"I’m Loving it’, which is a worldwide campaign. It uses all sources of advertisement like billboards, TV, internet etc. The price of McD products is lesser in comparison to other global food retailers. 3. Place: The restaurants follow the same interior all over the world, also provide music, Wi-Fi, and flat screen which keeps the customer involved and busy, so that he can eat more and order more. 4. Products: Mc D keeps on introducing new menus, as per the local market like aloo tikki burger for vegetarian market, rice burgers, salad for health conscious customers. 5. People: The Mc D employee are given proper training and induction program to better serve the customer and serve in time. How to be dressed and to serve with a smile. How to maintain the hygiene in the store and follow the dress code. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS OF Mc DONALD’S PESTLE ANALYSIS 1. POLITICAL FACTOR: The international operations of McD is under the influence of different governments. In different countries Mc D faces different political factors for eg in Europe and US the government demand that there should be nutritive value and medical value of meal offered as fast food to the nation. When Mc D entered Indian market, it was a major loss to Mc D because they served meat burger which was against the right and religious law. Actually meat burger in Mc D menu was an offensive step towards Indian religion. McD has also argue with the problems of employment practices, like in some country part time employment is not allowed. 2. ECONOMICAL FACTOR: As stated above the revenues generated from the other countries have to be converted into Dollars. In case of dollar appreciation, there will be a loss to the company. Also it prices products as per the spending capacity of its customers. 3. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS: It has been noticed that company has given choice in lunch to US market. They strive to win customer loyalty. It promises to deliver high quality food. The company tries to identify the need of the market and accordingly bring changes in its menu for a particular country. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Mc D restaurants use technical machines where the product is ready without human touch that too in front of the customer. The vending machine speed up the serving time. With such technical factor introduction in the restaurant they attract more customers and decrease their waiting time. 5. LEGAL FACTORS: Such factors talk about CSR.. Corporate social responsibility. McD has been sued several times for serving such food which increases obesity. For Eg in Muslim countries, their meat corresponds to Halal as per the law. Other legal concepts factors faced by MC D are tax obligation, employment practices. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: This means charges from harm to environment. In Hong Kong McD faced problem related to use of plastic glass which is not decomposable. FIVE FORCE MODEL For a business to compete effectively and intensively in the marketplace has to understand the dynamics of its industries and market. Michael E. Porter has given the Five Forces Framework. The five forces are interconnected directly to the company’s ability to serve its customer and to make a profit. If there is any change in any one of these forces, a company is required to re-assess it competitive strategies. The five forces are: 1. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY: If a company’s entry into the market is easy, then similarly the entry of its rivalry is likely too high. Mc Donalds enters into a particular country; simultaneously its rivalry for eg Burger King likely will be entering the same market. 2. In fast food Industry entry of new chains is easy as there is no legal barrier for them. For entering a new market Mc D has to face various challenges like economies of scale, distributor chain, advertising capital, so that it can enjoy a long life into the market, but entry into ne markets is not easy for big brands because they has to face price competition with the local brands. 3. SUPPLIER BARGAINING POWER: Mc Donald’s whole business rotates around the suppliers, because MC D restaurants use the same products from the same suppliers all over the globe. In case if Mc Donald loses any of its supplier than it has to change its whole menu. Thus suppliers of Mc Donald enjoy high bargaining power. 4. BUYER BARGAINING POWER: Buyers of the Mc Donald are the customer who orders through internet, telephone or in the restaurant. If the fast food chain is not able to satisfy their need they will shift to other food chain. In fast food industry wining customer loyalty is very difficult as the taste of the customer keeps on changing. 5. THREAT OS SUBSITUTES: In fast food industry there are so many firms whose costs is low, high with Mc D product or may be giving same quality product to the customers. Such factors lead to threats from the substitutes. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTOR From the above research the critical success factor of Mc Donald are: 1. STANDARIZATION: Mac Donald maintains its quality by standardizing its production process and method. In different countries Mc Donald’s adjust their menu as per their local taste like spicy for Asian countries, veggie for Buddhist countries. Thus it achieves balance by maintaining standardization in its products with local taste. 2. ENVIRONMENT ORIENTED: Mac Donald is committed towards protecting the environment for its future generations and also business leaders are acting as a environment leaders. 3. ONE DOLLAR MENU: With such price strategy, the company lures the customer at lower prices. 4. WILLINGNESS TO INNOVATE: While entering into different countries, Mc D keep innovating with its menu as per local taste and also adding new varieties in the menu to serve the other customers too. Eg they introduce salads for health conscious generation. 5. FOLLOWING HEALTHY FOOD TRENDS: In response campaigns related to obesity from junk food, Mc D has introduced other food like coffee, ice-cream, salads, wraps etc. CONCLUSION At last we can conclude saying that Mc Donald one of the leading global fast food chain company owes 32000 local restaurants in 119 countries worldwide. It enjoys 75% of business through franchising so that it can spend more time increasing service speed, serve standardized products and marketing strategies. The vision of the company is to be the world’s best quick service restaurant along with provider of high quality, cleanliness and high quality food to the customer. McDonald thinks globally but acts locally. The strengths and weakness of the company are the internal factors and are crucial in strategic decision making and implementing these strategies. Although some of the weaknesses can be minimized but not all. There are lot of issues which the company is facing like advertising, use of animals for their product, employment, environment etc. Above we have also talked about the 5 force model for the company and key success factors.

Role Of Women In Canterbury Tales Essays - The Canterbury Tales

Role of Women in Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer serves as a moral manual for the 1300's and years after. Through the faults of both men and woman, he shows in each persons story what is right and wrong and how one should live. Under the surface, however, lies a jaded look and woman and how they cause for the downfall of men. ?The Knight's Tale? is one of chivalry and upstanding moral behavior. However, beneath the surface lies the theme of the evil nature of women. Emily plays the part of the beautiful woman who captivates the hearts of two unsuspecting men. Those two men are cousins Arcite and Palamon, both knights who duel for Emily's hand in marriage. The two start out as the best of friends and then roommates in a jail cell that is to be shared for eternity. But with one look at Emily, the two start bickering instinctively and almost come to blows over something they will never be able to have, or so it seems. Chaucer's knack for irony revels itself as Arcite is released from his life sentence but disallowed from ever coming back to Athens. He would be killed ever caught within the city again by King Theseus. Because Arcite is doomed to never again see Emily, his broken heart causes him sickness as he's weakened by love. It is only after he comes up with the plan of returning to Athens under an assumed name that he starts to get better. Meanwhile, Palamon remains back in captivity, rendered helpless due to his lifelong punishment in prison. He knows that he will never be able to talk to Emily and certainly not marry her because of his plight. All he can do is watch her from a distance and admire her beauty. Arcite believes that this is a better punishment than his, though, as he says: ?O dere cosin Palamon, quod he, Thyn is the victorie of this aventure Ful blisfully in prison maistow dure; In prison? Certes nay, but in paradys! Wel hath fortuen y-turned thee the dys, That hast the sighte of hir, and I th'adsence. ? But I, that am exyled and bareyne Of alle grace, and in so greet despeir, That ther nis erthe, water, fyr, ne eir, Ne creature, that of hem maked is, That may me helpe or doon confort in this: Wel oughte I sterve in wanhope and distresse; Farwel my lyf, my lust, and my gladnesse!? (58 and 60) Emily has caused him such distress that he cries all the time and contemplates killing himself so he won't have to feel this every day pain that appears to have no end. All of this because of a woman. Emily is a sweet, innocent woman of her times. In a strange twist for a woman of The Canterbury Tales, she is perfectly happy alone and doesn't ever want to be married. Yet, Palamon and Arcite duel twice for Emily's love and Arcite ends up losing his life all because of her. Palamon, winning her by default, serves Emily faithfully for several years before she agrees to marry him, still not loving him, though. No one wins in ?The Knight's Tale,? but it is the two men who fight over the woman who lose the most. The ?Nun's Priest's Tale? is perhaps the best representation of men's downfall due to the influence of women. The story revolves around a rooster, Chauntercleer, the most beautiful cock in all of England with the sweetest voice an any ear has heard. He has seven wives but his favorite was Pertelote, an elegant hen in her own right. It is this woman, this female, that causes Chauntercleer great trouble. One night Chauntercleer wakes suddenly from a bad dream. Seemingly seeking comfort in her, he tells Pertelot about the dream which involves a wild, rampant dog with beady eyes coming after Chauntercleer. But instead of consoling her ?husband?, she challenges his manhood and says that no man hers should be scared of a dream. This causes Chauntercleer to go off on a tangent about the many, many times in history dreams have predicted the future and how non-believers suffered the consciences of not taking the proper precautions. After he done, however, he says that Pertelot is probably

Free Essays on Universal Discoveries

Patricia Smith’s â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (For Those of You Who Aren’t)† is a poem about a young, black girl growing up. This poem describes what it is like for a young girl who is discovering different things going on with her body. This black girl in the poem is 9 years old and in her pre-puberty stage of life. She feels â€Å"like [she’s] not finished† (Smith, 766). She feels out of place because she is in between the stages of being a child and becoming a young adult. She also â€Å"[finds] a disturbance at [her] chest† (766). At the age of 9, I was in the 4th grade. All of my friends were beginning to wear training bras and I was still without enough breasts to fill one. I did not understand that everyone’s body changes differently until then. I felt like I did not belong. She â€Å"[drops] food coloring in [her] eyes to make them blue and †¦ [pops] a bleached white mophead over the kinks of [her] hair† because she wants to have that all-American look of blond hair and blue eyes (766). My cousins and I would pretend we had long hair by putting my daddy’s long T-shirts on our heads and letting them hang down our backs. We would pretend we were the cast of â€Å"Saved by the Bell† because of the long pretty hair all the girls had. We would â€Å"[primp] in front of mirrors that [denied our reflections]† the same way she would (766). What we would see in the mirror and what we were pretending to be were two completely different things. We were definitely trying to be something we were not, as was the girl in the poem. As she gets older and develops more, young men start to notice her and she does â€Å"not [know] what to do with the whistles† (767). As my cousins and I grew older, we were the same way. We would walk to the park and young men would be playing basketball there. They would notice us and try to strike up conversations. We would blush and grin from ear to ear. We never â€Å"[jump... Free Essays on Universal Discoveries Free Essays on Universal Discoveries Patricia Smith’s â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (For Those of You Who Aren’t)† is a poem about a young, black girl growing up. This poem describes what it is like for a young girl who is discovering different things going on with her body. This black girl in the poem is 9 years old and in her pre-puberty stage of life. She feels â€Å"like [she’s] not finished† (Smith, 766). She feels out of place because she is in between the stages of being a child and becoming a young adult. She also â€Å"[finds] a disturbance at [her] chest† (766). At the age of 9, I was in the 4th grade. All of my friends were beginning to wear training bras and I was still without enough breasts to fill one. I did not understand that everyone’s body changes differently until then. I felt like I did not belong. She â€Å"[drops] food coloring in [her] eyes to make them blue and †¦ [pops] a bleached white mophead over the kinks of [her] hair† because she wants to have that all-American look of blond hair and blue eyes (766). My cousins and I would pretend we had long hair by putting my daddy’s long T-shirts on our heads and letting them hang down our backs. We would pretend we were the cast of â€Å"Saved by the Bell† because of the long pretty hair all the girls had. We would â€Å"[primp] in front of mirrors that [denied our reflections]† the same way she would (766). What we would see in the mirror and what we were pretending to be were two completely different things. We were definitely trying to be something we were not, as was the girl in the poem. As she gets older and develops more, young men start to notice her and she does â€Å"not [know] what to do with the whistles† (767). As my cousins and I grew older, we were the same way. We would walk to the park and young men would be playing basketball there. They would notice us and try to strike up conversations. We would blush and grin from ear to ear. We never â€Å"[jump...

A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks

A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks Mobile Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks is one of the cognitive radio networks which is the advanced networking technologies for spectrum scarcity problem constrain in the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). The cognitive radio networks are the cognitive network which abjects its network parameters with respect to the network environment. In cognitive radio network two users namely the primary and secondary or cognitive users will access the available spectrum to communicate each other when the spectrum is accessed by the primary user the secondary user must leave the spectrum and access the spectrum when spectrum holes available for transmission. So routing is challenging issues in cognitive networks and it is very challenging in mobile cognitive networks due to the node mobility, primary user interface and spectrum scarcity in this paper some routing protocols based on mobile ad hoc cognitive networks and a review on the delay-Minimized routing protocol are presented. Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is the new technology used to overcome the spectrum scarcity problem in current wireless networks by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). In cognitive radio network is a network which has primary and secondary users which access the network based on Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The primary user is the licensed user and secondary user is unlicensed user when the licensed user is accessing the spectrum the unlicensed user are not allowed so the secondary user has to sense the spectrum periodically to find the presence of primary user, presence of primary user is in dynamic in nature so the spectrum holes created by primary user is dynamic so the Cognitive user uses the DSA. While using the DSA routing is the challenging in cognitive radio networks. Classification of Cognitive radio networks Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is of infrastructure and infrastructure less, in infrastructure network it has a fixed structure like base station primary users secondary users and so on, in infrastructure network it has no fixed structure. Centralized and Decentralized networks the Centralized network is the network in which has on the base station in the central and have primary users are present. The decentralized network is the network which has no centralized base station and has the secondary users to communicate and primary users Static and dynamic networks the static networks the position of the base station, primary users and secondary users are fixed but in the dynamic (Ad-Hoc) the position on primary users and the secondary user will change (Mobility is nature). Routing in Cognitive radio networks Routing in Cognitive radio networks is based on available spectrum and knowledge of spectrum to nodes in the network. Routing solutions for the Cognitive radio networks are of two types one is Full Spectrum Knowledge routing and second is Local Spectrum Knowledge routing. Local Spectrum Knowledge routing has Minimum Power Routing, Minimum Delay-based Routing, Maximum Throughput-based Routing, Geographic Routing and Class-based Routing. Spectrum-Aware Routing (SPEAR) Spectrum-Aware Routing (SPEAR) is an on-demand and link-based protocol support end-to-end throughput by integration of flow-based and link-based approaches, it used RREQ for route discovery by control channels it takes decisions with the collaboration of PHY and MAC layers it handles mobility issues with Timeout field in periodic channel reservations messages. It takes the best path by maximum throughput, minimum hop count and link quality it has a communication overhead by route setup and route tear down. Spectrum-Aware Mesh Routing (SAMER) Spectrum-Aware Mesh Routing (SAMER) is a link state routing protocol with a minimum hop count and spectrum availability it gives end-to-end thought with the path with high spectrum availability, long-term stability and short-term opportunistic utilization of spectrum. The routing decisions are taken by PHY and MAC layers. Spectrum-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol (SORP) Spectrum-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol (SORP) is an AODV protocol with control channel which uses the path delay and node delay (switching and back off delay) for path selection. In route discovery phase RREQ message is broadcast with an SOP append in the packet the control channel exchange the routing protocol messages and it gives end-to-end thought put SORP doesn’t have link failure handling mechanism. Multi-hop Signal-transceiver Cognitive Radio Network Routing Protocol (MSCRP) Multi-hop Signal-transceiver Cognitive Radio Network Routing Protocol (MSCRP) is an AODV protocol with on control channel. It is a spectrum aware routing and leaves/ joins messages of the nodes so it has the communication overhead of RREQ. In the route discovery phase, all nodes append their sate information and available channels set. The routing decision is taken with the collaboration of MA C, Physical and Network Layers. Routing in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks Routing in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks is an on-demand graph-structured network protocol which uses the routing metric based on the probabilistic definition of available capacity over channel it has no link failure handling capacity and it discovers the route by using OSPF, Dijkstra-link algorithm. By using this Dijkstra-link algorithm it gives end-to-end throughput Local Coordination Based Routing and Spectrum assignment in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks Local Coordination Based Routing and Spectrum assignment in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks is a modified version of AODV which is on-demand routing protocol it has full mesh topology which uses channel scanning and beacon broadcast for neighbor discovery with control channel used for load balancing in routing. The route discovery is done by using RREQ and route decision is based on MAC and Network Layer. It has a link failure handling capability which gives less end-to-end delay and performance. Multipath Routing and Spectrum Access (MRSA) Multipath Routing and Spectrum Access (MRSA) is Mesh routing protocol based on round robin fashion data striping with minimum hop count by route discovery with control channel, Broadcasting RREQ messages. The messages sent to nodes periodically it can handle path failures by sending RERR messages and it has a communication overhead based on multiple flows on a single radio. Cognitive Tree-based Routing (CTBR) Cognitive Tree-based Routing (CTBR) is the tree-based routing protocol with centralized routing it broadcast the root announcement (RANN) message periodically with a packet and used cumulative metric for path selection. It selects the path based on local and global decision schemes. It does not have a route recovery mechanism to handle link failure s and it has a control bytes transmission overhead. Fault-Tolerant Cognitive Ad-Hoc Routing Protocol (FTCARP) It is a fast and efficient routing protocol for route recovery in presence of path failures during data delivery. It uses different route recovery mechanisms for different path failures. Cognitive Destination Sequence Distance Vector (C-DSDV) Protocol It is a table-driven routing protocol. To optimize the system performance of multi-hop CR ad-hoc networks by using multichannel routing table are updated immediately when there is a change in channels the techniques is that combines the routing and channel allocation. In route discover phase common control channel use to broadcast the route updating in the routing table in this protocol best path selection is based on sequence number. In C-DSDV channel switching is used to improve the system performances. If there are more primary users routing overhead will be increased Cognitive Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (C-AODV) Protocol Cognitive Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (C-AODV) Protocol is based on AODV a wireless network protocol it is designed according to avoid primary users activates regains for routing formation and packet discovery. It gives the minimized route cost by forwarding packets through the joint pat h and channel selection at each node it takes the advantage of the availability of multiple channels to improve the overall performances. SER-Spectrum and Energy Aware Routing Protocol SER is an on-demand routing protocol which provides high throughput in multi-hop networks it selects an energy efficient route and assigns channels and timeslots for a connection request. The communication segment assignment algorithm is used for balances traffic load among the CR users. In route discovery phase it broadcasts Route Request Messages to other nodes so it has routing overhead of RRE, RREP, RERR and ROP messages. GYMKHANA Protocol GYMKHANA is an on-demand routing protocol and an enhanced version of AODV used the GYMKHANA algorithm using virtual graphs and evaluate the cost by using the Laplacian matrix. It has a secondary user’s self-interference overhead. UNITED NODE Protocol UNITED NODE Protocol is a distributed and efficient based interference-aware routing protocol. It incorporates the spectrum availability cost and interference metrics into the routing algorithm to find better routes between the nodes it repairs routes by using route preservation method. It provides adaptability to the environment and increases throughput and reduces data delivery latency. DELAY-MINIMIZED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE RADIO Ad-Hoc NETWORKS POPCORN Protocol ROPCORN Protocol is the on-demand routing protocol which was designed for data transportation using link modeling and used to minimized delay for a set of users in the network. It broadcast the packets in link with the low cost and no primary user is affected. POPCORN is based on RACON protocol it uses buffers in the intermediate nodes and forwards the packets there is no overhead due to the use of spectrum availability and load estimation, the optimal route selection is based on the spatial or temporal locality of link disconnection. SEARCH A Routing Protocol It is the on-demand routing protocol and an enhanced version of AODV which is based on the geographic routing and follows the greedy forwarding and PU avoidance for joint channel-path optimization algorithm to find the best path. SEARCH undertakes both the path and selection to avoid PU activity region and tries to maintain end-to-end latency it has routing overhead due to the RRE, RREP, RERR and ROP messages. Link Prediction-Based Ad aptive Routing Link Prediction-Based Adaptive Routing is based on the link-availability prediction. The link –availability prediction considers primary user activity and user mobility. This routing reduces the energy consumption and gives the least delay by enhances network performance. It works based on link prediction and topology control Joint Routing and Channel Assignment Joint Routing and Channel Assignment (JRCA) approach based on delay prediction and a heuristic algorithm which used the collision probability and Link Stability Prediction. It is an on-demand routing protocol which user AODV type of routing with heuristic values and can find out the path with minimal end-to-end (e2e) delay. Adaptive Delay Tolerant Routing Protocol (ADTRP) The ADTRP algorithm finds a stable sequence of instances of the mobile graph and the communication topology of interest such that the number of transitions from one instance of the topology to another in the sequence is the global minimum. The algorithm uses the average lifetime of the mobile graphs in the stable sequence for communication topology and it is a generic for a stable sequence of any communication topology it uses the heuristic topology for routing so it improved throughput, better packet delivery ratio, decreased packet drop and reduced delay. STOD-RP: A Spectrum-Tree Based On-Demand Routing Protocol STOD-RP is an on-demand routing protocol which was designed for reduces the control overhead and average end-t-end delay minimization and it is an extension of the original Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol which uses spectrum tree addresses, spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way for this route matrix is used. Fast and efficient spectrum-adaptive route recovery method is used when the path is damaged. In routing is challenging issues in cognitive networks and it is very challenging in mobile cognitive networks due to the node mobility primary user interface and spectrum scarcity this paper concludes that every protocol is designed for overcome certain problem in networks one is for multiple problems and one is for single problem like improving performance, minimized end-to-end delay, overall throughput increasing and so on. There is a for more protocols or improved versions of protocols for increasing problems and recruitments. In further work on this paper, a delay minimized routing protocol is proposed and implemented that improved version protocol in NS3 will be presented

Uruguay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Uruguay - Research Paper Example In light of this, road users must travel 34.245 kilometres within Montevideo and 18 kilometres within Salto (Distance Calculator. (2014). As of 2013 Salto market had grease monkey competitors including VIP Cars and Rental Car Deals (Talento and Terra 73). In Montevideo, Sixt, Thrifty, Multicar, Budget and Europcar were the primary competitors offering oil replacement and lubrication service (Todd, Martinez and Triunfo 307). Based on the 2013 estimates, Montevideo’s purchasing power parity is $30 billion, while Salto’s is $5 billion (Index Mundi, 2013). According to Distance Calculator (2014), rental car locations in Montevideo are Puerto de Montevideo, west of Montevideo, Carasco located in central Montevideo, Colonia near Atento, along Acevedo Diaz highway, and Colonia Nicolich north of De Carrasco International Airport. In Salto, rental cars are available at the central Salto Itu location, Indaiatuba along the Capinas-Itu highway, Valinhos south of Jardim Sao Francisco, and around Parq Das

Beneficial Effects of Overseas Travel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Beneficial Effects of Overseas Travel - Essay Example The "Beneficial effect of overseas travel" demonstrates positive effect that traveling has on adventurers. It also contains personal experience of some travelers. The learning on an overseas trip begins from the point where the person enters the terminal for international flights. As one moves ahead through check-in counter, one learns the laws and regulations regarding international travel. The swarms of people arriving and departing from the airport is a sight in its own where one experiences a place where no single culture is dominant, people of different ethnic backgrounds and belonging to different countries can be seen talking and waiting for their flights to depart. This is one place where a passenger will have a chance to observe his own people and their personalities and traits in comparison to those of people from around the globe. You may have heard of someone returning from an excursion and telling you about what different people were wearing at the airport or how they sp oke etc. Also if you have a connecting flight and have a stop over at a certain airport on the way you will mention the food available and what you liked and disliked. A personal experience of this sort happened on a trip to Malaysia with a stop over in Bangkok. The Bangkok airport which is known to be one of the biggest and busiest airports allows you to meet and interact with people from so many different places. It is hard for a person to walk out without learning a new thing about the people from many parts of the world. I for instance found most people at the airport to be very fashion conscious. Nearly every

Chance within the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Chance within the play Romeo and Juliet Essay George Aberto once said above anything else, fate is what brings lovers together. In Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet, fate, chance, and coincidence are all important to the development and eventually the conclusion of this tragedy. Without these three closely related themes the play would not have been able to make it out of the first act. These themes are pivotal to the development of the play and there are many instances where this is very obvious. These themes play a part in the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues, the invitation of Romeo to the ball, and the death of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet. For as long as the two families, The Capulets and The Montagues, can remember, they have both been at war with each other and held an ancient grudge (Prologue). The purpose and goal of this feud is never revealed thus it must be assumed through the Prologue that their hatred is solely based on tradition from past generations. This feud is visible within the first line of Act 1 Scene 1 where Sampson, a servant of the Capulet family says that he will not carry coals (1.1.1). He says this in talking to another servant, Gregory, about how he will not be humiliated by a Montague servant. This allows the audience to see the importance of the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo, a Montague, and Juliet, a Capulet, meet and fall in love at the ball in Act 1 Scene 5. This is visible in Romeos dialogue O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! / It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night / Like a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear. (1.5.46-48). It is chance that Romeos true love happens to be part of the family he was brought up to hate. Romeo is aware that Juliet is a Capulet but Juliet is not aware that Romeo is a Montague and even though the feud between the families is existent, fate takes its course and allows enough time for Juliet to fall in love with Romeo. Therefore, once Juliet learns that Romeo is a Montague, she has already fallen in love with Romeo and she cannot turn back now. This is one of the most important examples of fate in the play because if she had known that Romeo was a Montague she would have never pursued a relationship with him and the rest of the play would have never turned out the way it had. Romeo and Juliets relationship begins at the Capulets house during the ball  without Juliet knowing that Romeo is a Montague although the fate involved in getting Romeo to the ball is just as important as Juliet not knowing Romeos last name because if Romeo would not have gone to the ball then he would have never met Juliet and fallen in love with her. It all starts with one of the Capulets servants in the streets of Verona with a list of the different guests which are invited to the ball. This list contains the names Mercutio, Tybalt, and Rosaline among others. The servant which is given the list is not able to read and this is another example of fate because once Benvolio learns that Rosaline is going to be at the ball he decides that him and Romeo will attend. Benvolio wants to Compare her face with some that I shall show / And I will make thee think they swan a crow. Meaning that he will bring Romeo to the ball to show that a comparison of Rosaline with other girls will make a difference and possibly relieve his sadness and love for Rosaline. This is also fate because if Rosaline was not invited, Benvolio didnt create a plan, and if the servant would have been able to read then Romeo would have never been invited and he would have never met Juliet. The meeting of the two lovers is important although the death of the two lovers is probably one of the most important roles fate plays in the play. The first instance where fate makes its mark leading up to the death of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, is when the Prince banishes Romeo from the city of Verona for the death of Tybalt. The Prince reacts to the situation by saying that for that offence / Immediately we do exile him hence. This gets the ball rolling on the events that will lead to the two lovers death. After Romeo flees on the recommendation of Benovlio, Romeo finds himself hiding out in Friar Laurances Cell and then in Mantua. The next event which fate is involved in is the idea of Juliet faking her death so that she is not required to marry Paris. Friar Laurence devises a plan which he tells Juliet in Scene 1 of Act 4 as they are both talking in the Friars cell. He tells her to: Hold, then; go home, be merry, give consent To marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow: To-morrow night look that thou lie alone; Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber: Take thou this vial, being then in bed, And this distilled liquor drink thou off, (4.1. 91-96) These lines explain everything she must do so that she does not have to marry Paris and can be with Romeo instead, although he has forgotten to tell her one thing. That one thing is that the Friar has not told Juliet to tell Romeo that she is going through with this plan, faking her death. Friar Laurence realizes this and sends Friar John to give Romeo, who is hiding in Mantua, the message of his plan. What happens next is a perfect example of chance and coincidence. Right as Friar John is preparing to deliver the message an outbreak of the Plague occurs in the city of Verona and Friar John could not send it,here it is again,- / Nor get a messenger to bring it thee, / So fearful were they of infection (5.2.14-16). Therefore this causes Romeo to not receive the message of the Friars plan but instead he receives news of Juliets death so it then becomes a race to the tomb, in which Juliet was placed, to stop Romeo from seeing Juliet dead. So Friar Laurence Now must I to the monument alone; Within three hours will fair Juliet wake(5.2.25-27) . Fates second last appearance in the play occurs Romeo arrives at the tomb first, before the Friar, and he sees Juliet, his love, dead. If the Friar would have arrived first, Romeo and Juliet would have never killed themselves and they would have been able to live together but that was not the case and it led to the suicide of both lovers. The final appearance of fate occurs after the lovers death and it is the end of the feud between the two families. It was fate for the lovers to die and resolve this feud. Fate, Chance, and Coincidence play an extremely pivotal part of the development of the play as well as the ending and without them the play would have turned out anything like it had and it would have never gotten  out of Act 1. The feud between the Capulets and the Montagues, Romeos invitation to the ball, and the death of the two star-crossed lovers which led to the end of the feud between the two families are all examples of how fate was able to sway the development of the story so it would lead to the death of Romeo and Juliet, For never was a story of more woe /Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.

Stoicism Essay -- essays research papers

In the tree of Ethics, there are many twigs and branches that all trace back to a single root: how a person ought to act. Now, the paths that some branches take to get to that single root differ in many ways, yet all arrive at their own definition of how they themselves should live. The ‘branch’ that I will be talking about today, is Stoicism. I will discuss the history and beginnings of Stoicism in the Hellenistic period, the basic ideas of stoicism, and I will share my own personal beliefs and skeptical ideas as concerned with Stoicism. To begin, what does the word ‘stoic’ mean? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘stoic’ as â€Å"one apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain.† In the world of Ethics, a stoic is defined as â€Å"a member of a school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium about 300 B.C. holding that the wise man should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submissive to natural law.† So what school of philosophy are we talking about? Who is Zeno of Cittium? Why did the stoics behave as they did? In the early part of the 4th century B.C. going on into the middle of the 3rd, a man named Zeno of Cittium left his home of Cyprus and went to Athens. There, he began to teach small groups of people about his ideas of ethics. He held his sessions on a painted porch on the Athenian agora known as the Stoa Poikile, from which the terms stoic and Stoicism derive from. At one point, Zeno, who had become adjusted to a life of riches, could not pay a resident tax, and as a consequence, was sold into slavery, where he was bought by a friend and freed. At first glance, one could look at stoicism and dismiss it as a relatively easy way to lead one’s life. At the heart, stoics do not care about abstract reality, about how and why the universe began, or Earth for that matter. To a stoic, the most important concept is that of acceptance in human life. Some of the ideas that Stoicism is based upon comes from the mind of one Heracletus. In the 6th century B.C., Heracletus formed his ideas at his home in Ephesus. In his mind, the universe is an ‘ever-living fire.’ In description, Heracletus came up with the Flux and the Logos. The Logos, in a universal sense, is a single connection between everything in the world, but is always changing with the Flux. Back when philosophers classified everything into 1 of the 4 elements, Heracletus’ Logos w... ...believer in Fate, I am not a true believer. Instead of classical Stoic beliefs, where the Logos governs my every choice towards the final ‘good’, I believe that free will does play a part in philosophical life. Person A comes to choice X, but based on occurrences put out by Fate, makes a decision Y. Fate and free will are 2 strands to a rope, one depending on the other to be strong. Back with emotions, with free will depending on Fate, it depends on emotion as well. Person A comes to choice X, based on occurrences put out by Fate, but still is torn between decision Y and decision Z. Using his emotions and feelings, Person A makes decision Y, because of occurrences put out by Fate as well as feelings he has towards each decision. In conclusion, I feel that Stoicism is almost a valid pattern of thought to live by, but is nonetheless quite interesting to look upon and debate. The basics and foundations of Stoicism, as well as the pillars on which it sits are something to be learned from, and could be wise to cite. My soul, the very being that I am, restricts me from devoting myself completely to Stoicism, although it is the closest thing to my ‘ethical standpoint’ that I have found.

Studying: Then and Now

Studying: Then and Now One June day, I staggered into a high school classroom to take my final exam in United States History IV. I had made my usual desperate effort to cram the night before, with the usual dismal results—I had gotten only to page 75 of a 400-page textbook. My study habits in high school, obviously, were a mess, but in college, I've made an attempt to reform my note-taking, studying, and test-taking skills. The first thing I tried to improve in college was note-taking. I took notes in high school classes but I often lost interest as compared to my note- taking at college.Note taking in high school classes often began with doodling, drawing Martians, or seeing what my signature would look like if I married the guy in the second row. Now, however, I try not to let my mind wander, and I pull my thoughts back into focus when they begin to go fuzzy. In high school, my notes often looked like something written in Arabic. In college, I've learned to use a semi-print writing style that makes my notes understandable. When I would look over my high school notes, I couldn't understand them.There would be a word like â€Å"Reconstruction,† then a big blank, then the word â€Å"important. † Weeks later, I had no idea what reconstruction was or why it was important. I've since learned to write down connecting ideas, even if I have to take the time to do it after class. Taking notes is one thing I've really learned to do better since high school days. Another area that I needed to concentrate on was my method of studying. Ordinary studying during the term is another area in which I've made changes. In high school, I let reading assignments go.I told myself that I'd have no trouble catching up on 200 pages during a 15-minute ride to school. College courses have taught me to keep pace with the work. Otherwise, I feel as though I'm sinking into a quicksand of unread material. When I finally read the high school assignment, my eyes would run over the words, but my brain would be plotting how to get the car for Saturday night. Now, I use several techniques that force me to really concentrate on my reading. I also changed the way of study for taking testsIn addition to learning how to cope with daily work, I've also learned to handle study sessions for big tests. My all-night study sessions in high school were experiments in self-torture. Around 2:00 A. M. , my mind, like a soaked sponge, simply stopped absorbing things. Now, I space out exam study sessions over several days. That way, the night before can be devoted to an overall review rather than raw memorizing. Most important, though, I've changed my attitude toward tests. In high school, I thought tests were mysterious things with completely unpredictable questions.Now, I ask instructors about the kinds of questions that will be on the exam, and I try to â€Å"psych out† the areas or facts instructors are likely to ask about. These practices really work, and f or me they've taken much of the fear and mystery out of tests. Since I've reformed, note-taking and studying are not as tough as they once were, and I am beginning to reap the benefits. As time goes on, my college test sheets are going to look much different from the red-marked tests of my high school days. Outline Introduction:Thesis Statement: My study habits in high-school, obviously were a mess, but in college, I’ve made an attempt to reform my note-taking, studying and test-taking skills. Topic sentence 1: I took notes in high school classes but I often lost interest as compared to my note- taking at college 1. Interest 2. Note writing 3. Connection Topic Sentence 2: Ordinary studying during the term is another area in which I've made changes. 1. Pace 2. Concentration Topic Sentence 3: In addition to learning how to cope with daily work, I've also learned to handle study sessions for big tests. 1. Spacing 2. Attitude Conclusion

“A Grain of Wheat” by Ngugi wa Thiong’o Essay

The idea that sacrifice is required before Kenya attains true nationhood, is one of a range of ideas – others being birth, betrayal, heroism and forgiveness – in the novel â€Å"A Grain of Wheat†, by Ngugi wa Thiong’o. It is conveyed through the words and actions of many characters (especially Kihika, Mugo and to a lesser extent Gikonyo), rather than through the author telling us, since the narration is that of a third person. Ngugi explains that sacrifice is needed for the greater good of the nation, and of the people. The author insists that all members of a community must individually and collectively accept responsibility for its growth and well-being. The person in the novel, who epitomises the theme of sacrifice, is Kihika, the past leader of the Movement. Kihika is, for better or worse, the leader most associated with the Christian qualities including sacrifice. Although at first he merely thinks of himself as a saint and a leader, he later talks, and is talked about, in clearly Christ-like terms. General R, for example, refers to Kihika’s death, as a â€Å"crucifixion†. Kihika believes in sacrifice for the greater good of national liberation, and regards it as Christ-like. This is emphasised when Kihika says, â€Å"I die for you, you die for, we become a sacrifice for one another.† Ngugi wa Thiong’o also uses the character of Mugo to present and convey the theme of sacrifice, through his death and betrayal of Kihika. Initially, the villagers of Thabai ask Mugo to lead the Uhuru celebrations, in recognition of what they take to be his â€Å"heroic sacrifice†, by housing Kihika â€Å"without fear†. This in fact is false, when Mugo was the one â€Å"that betrayed the black people everywhere on the earth†. Furthermore when Kihika at a Movement meeting in Rung’ei, calls for sacrifice upon hearing â€Å"the call of a nation in turmoil†, Mugo sits in disgust and thinks to himself â€Å"he could not clap for words that did not touch him†. This shows that Mugo is not willing to sacrifice himself for the greater good of Kenya, unlike Kihika. Mugo at the end of the novel opens his heart and repents, and his act of betrayal be ritually cleansed from the earth by his sacrificial death. Two more characters that the author uses to convey sacrifice in the book are Gikonyo and Githua. Gikonyo betrays and sacrifices his loyalty to the Movement, by confessing to the oath in the detention camp. He does this, in order to secure a quick release from the camp, and re-unite with Mumbi and continue their marriage. But this does not occur, as Mumbi betrays Gikonyo, by making love to Karanja the day that she knew that Gikonyo was coming back. Githua represents the personal effects on individuals of British rule, he says his left leg was amputated because of British bullets (though doubt is cast on this later – it is said he lost his leg in a lorry smash). Ginthua emphasises his sacrifice for his people and doesn’t recognize any benefits from the struggle because of personal misfortune. The individual dramas become more prominent as the narrative progresses, but the rebellion is its point of reference. Mugo, Gikonyo, and Karanja betray the cause of freedom in their different ways, but they also betray themselves, as does Mumbi. Through the guilt they suffer, they arrive at a point of understanding and self-knowledge, and so in the end, the novel offers a possibility of sacrifice, regeneration and birth. The connection between sacrifice and birth is first suggested by the title of the novel, which is explained by the quotation from Corinthian’s at the start of the novel. The presentation of the theme of sacrifice in â€Å"A Grain of Wheat† is put across through a variety of individuals. Kihika’s selfless sacrifice depicts this belief that the unity of the black people is imperative for the country to move forward. Mugo’s deed of treachery as well as his demise at the end of the book also helps putting across the idea of sacrifice in the novel.

airfield mgmt essays

airfield mgmt essays Airfield and aircraft familiarization are two critical factors that must be understood by rescue/response personnel. Judging by successful attempts to contain and minimize losses, it is readily apparent that crash fire crew knowledge of airfield and aircraft design are interracial parts of perpetual training. Being part of initial response can be an awe-inspiring experience; the initial shock of the situation will hamper normal response behavior. With continued education and unconditional situational awareness we can program our response posture to enable us to approach the scene without delay and armed with a plan. Many aircraft maintainers experience differing aircraft and airfields daily; situational awareness coupled with learned behaviors allows us to tackle this challenge head on. As an aerospace ground equipment mechanic, I feel my actions of querying aircraft personnel helps me in understanding basic blueprints for aircraft function and design. Airfields on the other ha nd are almost of cookie cutter design; I spend more time trying to understand traffic flow patterns than any other facet of an airfield/flightline. A more specific explanation will now follow. Airfields consist of runways, taxiways, marshalling areas, parking spots, terminals, maintenance hangers and structures. Of those items, most if not all service ground vehicle and aerospace vehicle traffic flow on a daily basis. By understanding specific traffic flow patterns, we can almost anticipate suitable response and exiting routes to and from the incident/accident scene. Differing airfields host general aviation, military aviation as well as commercial aviation platforms. During any response scenario you will be concerned with common airfield parking patterns, any hazardous or explosives materials and also oxygen rich environments. Any potential hazard that is defined as routine should be imbedded in your defensive posture. Perpetual training ef...

Discussion question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion question - Essay Example Assuming there are 1 billion writers, is it not possible that there are exactly two the same sentences There have been some records indicating exactly look alike in images, what more with written lines when writing has been here since time immemorial Is not plagiarism a simple commerce hiding behind the facade of protecting the rights of others, while prejudicing the rights of some 3. Excellent grammar is every tyro's dream. And, precisely, perfect grammar is crucial to every written document. However, some schools under-emphasized the study of grammar especially in vocational, technical, or mechanical areas, but, some also over-emphasized the same because of the need to be precise and accurate. For example, in the Law school or in journalism schools where accuracy is necessary. Consistently, to be articulate is also my aspiration and the challenge that drives me on. 4. I am very thorough with my work in life and in school. But, I am not necessarily the first to finish and turn a very accurate work. Nonetheless, I take my time and usually turn in a polished final product. I have done editing which is also called revising. It is centered on surface quality. Some would call it technicality of the written piece. Others would say it is more of corrections on the presentation rather than the content. It is commonly known as enhancement.

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Employment Relations - Essay Example The paper will be based on Harvard HRM model including situational factors; stakeholder interests; HRM policy choices; HR outcomes and long-term consequences. Situational factors for analysis include workers, business strategy, management philosophy, task technology and societal factors. In IMB Australia employment relationship demands increased recognition of the professional qualities of the autonomous worker, which poses problems of incompatibility with an employment contract built upon subordination. Pay is determined by time worked, whilst idle time due to poor organization and absenteeism is reduced. In IBM Australia task characteristics is affected by broader managerial philosophies. The adoption of new managerial policies of human resource management is important in this respect. At one level, a concern for human resources implies investment in training and in the skills of employees. For instance, in 2005 26,4% of the budget ($ 48, 706M) was spent on training and development of employees and 48% was spend on outsourcing (FYI. IBM Global services, n.d.). Further, given the costs of training for employees using new and complex equipment, there is a strong incentive to provide conditions of employment which reduced turnover. The use of advanced technologies tends to be accompanied by greater job security and generally more favorable terms of employment. IMB Australia seeks to bind employee commitment over the longer term by providing extensive fringe benefits and developing internal labor markets that give good opportunities for advancement up a highly stratified promotion ladde r (Arrowsmith & Sisson 2001). Equally important, to the extent that it involves the decentralization of decision-making to employees, whether as individuals or through forms of team decision-making, it is expected to encourage the growth of task discretion and autonomy which has been shown to be so important in employee satisfaction and